What does vertical integration involve?

Vertical integration involves a company expanding its operations by acquiring businesses at different levels of the supply chain. This strategy allows a firm to control more stages of the production process, from raw materials to manufacturing to distribution. By doing so, a company can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and gain greater control over the quality and timing of its supplies and production.

The concept of vertical integration can be divided into two primary types: backward integration, where a company acquires suppliers or raw material producers, and forward integration, where it takes control of distribution networks or retail outlets. This comprehensive approach not only enhances a company's competitive position but also helps in managing risks associated with supply chain disruptions.

In contrast, the other choices focus on narrower or different aspects of business strategy. The acquisition of businesses at only the distribution level does not capture the full scope of vertical integration, which encompasses the entire supply chain. Mergers within the same industry relate to horizontal integration, where companies at the same stage of production combine, rather than the different levels involved in vertical integration. Lastly, focusing on cost leadership through market control pertains more to competitive strategies than to the structural adjustments implied by vertical integration.